Image segmentation plays an important role in almost all recent applications of the machine vision. The accurate extraction of the object of interest from the background is crucial for the tasks performed by the vision systems. Although many image segmentation algorithms exists, they are often insufficient to be directly used in practical applications. Most commonly, each vision system requires the development of new image segmentation algorithms. Having in mind the abovementioned, the lecture presents the selected applications from the field of machine vision and outlines the dedicated algorithms, developed for image segmentation. The regarded applications include industrial measurement systems, as well as the computer aided medical diagnosis systems.